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urgency of this issue for our modern world.
Author's Note: For the latest word on the issue of war see the Catechism of the
Catholic Church, paragraphs 2307 through 2317. Also, see the United States
Conference of Catholic Bishops statement on Just War, "The Harvest of Justice Is
Sown in Peace."
Notes
1. John A. McHugh, O.P. and Charles J. Callan, O.P., Moral Theology: A Complete
Course, vol. 1 (New York: Joseph F. Wagner, 1929), 545.
2. The New Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967) vol. 14.
"Morality of War," by R. A. McCormick, 803.
3. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, vol. 3, IIaIIaeQQ. 1-148, trans. by the
Fathers of the English Dominican Province (Westminster, Maryland: Christian
Classics, 1981), 1354.
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 803.
8. Aquinas, 1354.
9. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 803.
10. Ibid.
11. McHugh, 549.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid, 556.
14. Aquinas, 1353.
15. McHugh, 546.
16. Ibid.
17. Langan, John, S.J., "The Just War Theory After the Gulf War," Theological
Studies, vol. 53, no. 1 (March, 1992): 99.
18. Musto, Ronald G., The Catholic Peace Tradition (Maryknoll, New York: Orbis
Books, 1986), 24.
19. Ibid, 28.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid, 29.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid, 28.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid, 26.
26. Ibid, 41.
27. Ibid, 41-42.
28. Ibid, 44.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid, 48.
31. Ibid.
32. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 803.
33. Musto, 83.
34. Ibid, 132.
35. McCarthy, Rev. Emmanuel Charles, Just War Theory: The Lethal Mirage of
Christian Morality (Baxter, Minnesota: Center for Christian Nonviolence, n.d.), 11-12.
36. Douglass, James W., The Non-Violent Cross: A Theology of Revolution and Peace
(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968), 177-178.
37. Musto, 171.
38. Ibid.
39. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 803.
40. Ibid, 804.
41. Flannery, Austin, O.P., ed., Gaudium et Spes, in Vatican Council II: The Conciliar
and Post Conciliar Documents (Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1975),
989.
42. Ibid.
43. Wicker, Brian, War and the Nuclear Dilemma, in Modern Catholicism: Vatican II
and After, ed. by Adrian Hastings (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 303.
44. New Catholic Encyclopedia, 804.
45. Langan, 99.
46. Ibid, 109-110.
Bibliography
The New Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967. Vol. 14. "Morality
of War," by R. A. McCormick.
Aquinas, Thomas. Summa Theologica. Vol. 3, IIaIIaeQQ. 1-148. Translated by the
Fathers of the English Dominican Province. Westminster, Maryland: Christian
Classics, 1981.
Douglass, James W. The Non-Violent Cross: A Theology of Revolution and Peace.
New York: The Macmillan Company, 1968.
Farrell, Walter, O.P. A Companion to the Summa. Vol. 3, The Fulness of Life. New
York: Sheed & Ward, 1940.
Flannery, Austin, O.P., ed. Gaudium et Spes, In Vatican Council II: The Conciliar and
Post Conciliar Documents. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press, 1975.
Glenn, Paul J. A Tour of the Summa. Rockford, Illinois: Tan Books and Publishers,
1978.
Langan, John, S.J. "The Just War Theory After the Gulf War." Theological Studies
Vol. 53, No. 1 (March 1992): 95-112.
McCarthy, Rev. Emmanuel Charles. Just War Theory: The Lethal Mirage of Christian
Morality. Baxter, Minnesota: Center for Christian Nonviolence, n.d.
McHugh, John A., O.P. and Charles J. Callan, O.P. Moral Theology: A Complete
Course. Vol. 1. New York: Joseph F. Wagner, 1929.
Musto, Ronald G. The Catholic Peace Tradition. Maryknoll, New York: Orbis Books,
1986
U.S. Catholic Conference. A Report on The Challenge of Peace and Policy
Developments 1983-1988. Washington, D.C., 1988.
Wicker, Brian. War and the Nuclear Dilemma. In Modern Catholicism: Vatican II and
After. Edited by Adrian Hastings. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
Zahn, Gordon. "Total War and 'Absolute' Pacifism." Concilium Number 184, Year 19
(April 1983): 26-30.
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Principles of the Just War
A just war can only be waged as a last resort. All non-violent options must be exhausted before the use
of force can be justified.
A war is just only if it is waged by a legitimate authority. Even just causes cannot be served by actions
taken by individuals or groups who do not constitute an authority sanctioned by whatever the society
and outsiders to the society deem legitimate.
A just war can only be fought to redress a wrong suffered. For example, self-defense against an armed
attack is always considered to be a just cause (although the justice of the cause is not sufficient--see
point #4). Further, a just war can only be fought with "right" intentions: the only permissable objective
of a just war is to redress the injury.
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